Wow, first off, there are many ways to impart rotation on the ball. I have tried covering this in detail for some members and will try so here again. In bowling the fingers, hand and wrist are generally considered a solid, single object hence the confusion from the contradictions. If you rotate your middle and ring fingers the wrist tends to follow.
The first video is definitely for beginners and pretty old too. At the time it was made it was a common way to teach where the hand would be at release.
The Rich Carruba video. He called it spin just to try to be on the same level as the beginners that video was intended for. He seems like a decent guy but his teachings aren't to my personal liking.
Can hook be created while staying behind the ball? Yes. Doing so the ball will hook but with limited axis rotation. How? By lifting and when doing so have more pressure lifting with the middle finger. The further under the ball the fingers are at release, the stronger potential for revs and hook. I say potential because some have a hard time getting the ball to roll off the ends of the fingers which affects all releases. Are you hung up on semantics? It's not just you, I do it all the time and it's made learning some parts of bowling more difficult. It's a general term that is used when any part of the hand is on the back half of the ball.
The easiest release? 45° axis rotation and 90° axis rotation. This is where I deviate away from some of the basic coaches so if I'm not clear let me know. Whatever position your hand is in on the downswing, it needs to come off the ball at the angle of the rotation you want. The rotation occurs after the thumb has been released. So if you want a 90° axis rotation and you come down with your hand perfectly behind the ball (6:00) then when the thumb exits, the fingers rotate (causing the wrist to follow) to the 3:00 position. 45° would be 6:00 to 4:30. Again, the more that you can get the ball to roll off the finger tips (acceleration phase) the more revs you will generate. Given your slower ball speed you may have to work on not getting too many revs but that's entirely up to you.
Inside the ball. As stated I use to assume that meant I had to have my entire hand between the ball and myself so the back of my hand was facing my body. That's too literal. Try having your index finger at 1:00 with slightly more ball weight outside (away from your body) at the beginning of your downswing (or earlier if that's easier for you). As your arm is almost perpendicular to the floor, release the thumb. Thumb should be clear by the time your arm is 90° to the floor. Rotate your finger (and wrist) quickly to the 4 or 5:00 position. What you can get use to and comfortable with will dictate the amount for you.
*when I say for you, that's for each individual bowler and not towards any one bowler.
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