All of this should be in the course material. If you didn't skip around and it really doesn't give you the meaning of these terms, this course is a waste of your time.
It looks like your online course is defining stance as where you stand as you start your approach. The arrows are the marks on the lane about 15 feet past the foul line. Each arrow is directly in front of a pin. They give bowlers an easy target to aim at. A pocket is the area between two adjacent pins, usually the 1 & 2 or the 1 & 3. Using an arrow as a target and moving your stance right or left, you can develop a system to hit any pin or pocket on the lane.
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